Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay or cavities, is one of the most prevalent oral health issues worldwide.
Though it’s often associated with children, dental caries can affect people of all ages. If left untreated, it can lead to toothaches, infections, and even tooth loss.
Fortunately, early intervention and good oral hygiene practices can help prevent and treat caries effectively.
Dental caries is the gradual destruction of tooth enamel caused by acids produced when bacteria break down sugars in the mouth. This demineralisation process weakens the tooth structure and can eventually create holes or cavities.
Dental caries often starts as small, white or chalky spots on the enamel, a sign of early mineral loss.
As the decay progresses, these spots can turn brown or black and form visible holes or pits in the tooth surface. Cavities may appear on the chewing surfaces, between teeth, or even along the root if gum recession is present.
In more advanced stages, decay can reach the dentin or pulp, causing sensitivity, pain, and infection. While some cavities are easy to spot, others may be hidden and only detectable through dental X-rays or a professional exam.
There are several contributing factors to the development of dental caries:
Dental plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that forms on your teeth. When not removed properly, it can harden into tartar and harbour more bacteria, which produce acids that erode tooth enamel.
Consuming foods and drinks high in sugar and starch provides fuel for the bacteria in your mouth, increasing acid production and the risk of cavities.
Irregular brushing and flossing allow plaque to accumulate, making it easier for caries to develop.
Saliva plays a crucial role in neutralising acids and washing away food particles. A dry mouth increases the risk of decay due to decreased saliva production.
Some people may be more prone to cavities due to genetic factors, acid reflux, or certain medications that affect saliva flow.
Treatment for dental caries depends on how far the decay has progressed. Early intervention can often prevent more invasive procedures, while advanced cases require more complex restorative work. Here’s a breakdown of the most common treatment options:
In the earliest stage of dental caries, when only the enamel is affected, professional fluoride treatments can help remineralise the tooth surface. These treatments come in the form of varnishes, gels, or rinses and are more concentrated than over-the-counter toothpaste or mouthwash. Regular fluoride application can stop the progression of early decay and strengthen the enamel to resist future damage.
Once a cavity has formed, the decayed portion of the tooth must be removed and replaced with a filling. Dentists use various materials for this, including composite resin (tooth-coloured and aesthetically pleasing), dental amalgam (durable and cost-effective), or glass ionomer (which can release fluoride). Fillings restore the tooth’s function and prevent further decay from spreading.
When decay has destroyed a large portion of the tooth, a filling may not be enough to restore its strength. In such cases, a dental crown is used to cap and protect the remaining tooth structure. Crowns are custom-made from materials such as porcelain, metal, or zirconia and are designed to match the shape and appearance of natural teeth.
If the decay extends into the tooth’s pulp, a root canal may be necessary. This involves removing the infected or dead pulp, disinfecting the root canals, and sealing the tooth to prevent reinfection. A crown is often placed afterward to reinforce the tooth.
When a tooth is too severely damaged to be restored, it may need to be extracted. After removal, options like dental implants, bridges, or dentures can be considered to restore function and aesthetics.
Preventative care remains the most effective approach to managing dental caries. Regular check-ups, professional cleanings, fluoride treatments, and improving your oral hygiene can significantly reduce the risk of decay and the need for extensive dental work.
Preventing dental caries is often easier, less costly, and far less invasive than treating them. With the right habits and preventive measures, you can significantly reduce your risk of tooth decay and maintain a healthy, confident smile. Here’s how to build an effective oral care routine:
Brushing your teeth in the morning and before bed helps remove plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that feeds on sugars and produces acid, which erodes enamel. Using fluoride toothpaste strengthens the enamel and helps reverse early signs of decay. Be sure to brush for at least two minutes, covering all surfaces of your teeth.
Toothbrushes can’t reach between teeth, where plaque and food particles often accumulate. Daily flossing helps remove debris and prevent cavities from forming in these tight spaces. If you find traditional floss difficult to use, toothpicks or interdental brushes are great alternatives.
Limiting sugary snacks and drinks is one of the most powerful ways to prevent dental caries. Bacteria in the mouth feed on sugars and release acids that attack tooth enamel. Try to avoid frequent snacking, especially on sticky or acidic foods, and opt for water or sugar-free options whenever possible.
Routine dental visits (usually every 6 months) allow your dentist to detect early signs of decay and provide professional cleaning to remove tartar buildup. Your dentist may also apply fluoride treatments or dental sealants to further protect your teeth.
An antibacterial mouthwash can help reduce harmful bacteria in your mouth and strengthen enamel, especially in hard-to-reach areas. It’s a simple step that can boost your oral hygiene routine and lower your risk of caries.
blue®m products help prevent dental caries by targeting the root causes of decay. Their unique formulas release active oxygen, which kills harmful bacteria that cause plaque and cavities. blue®m is available with and without fluoride and is enriched with minerals like lactoferrin to strengthen enamel and support natural remineralisation.
The products also help maintain a healthy pH balance in the mouth, making it harder for acid-producing bacteria to thrive. Because they are non-abrasive and gentle, blue®m toothpaste and mouthwash are ideal for daily use, helping to protect both teeth and gums while reducing the risk of decay.
